Toxicological Investigation of Byleton (Triadimefon) Following Oral Administration in Nubian Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), Sudan
Keywords:
Triadimefon, oral dose, Toxicity, Nubian goats
Abstract
Humans and animals in Sudan continuously ingest fungicides through their food, and their effects are pronounced. Triadimefon is a triazole Agro-fungicide for many cereals, fruits, and vegetables. The objective of this work is to evaluate the toxicity of Triadimefon. Are designed to investigate the hematological, immunological, and histopathological effects of Triadimefon on goats. Twelve healthy male Nubian goats were dosed orally with Triadmefon at rates of 500, 300, and 100 mg/kg/day; three goats were untreated (control) for twelve weeks. Dosed animals showed poisoning signs five minutes post dosing, death occurred within 6- 24 hrs. in animals dosed with 500 mg/kg/day. After 4 hrs., animals dosed with 300 and 010 mg/kg/day recovered. Gross lesions observed in the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and digestive tract were slight to moderate congestions and /or hemorrhages. The liver showed accentuation of the lobular markings, and the center of the lobule was the palest. Kidneys showed slight degenerative foci with a yellowish color. Heart was flabby. In lungs, some of the bronchioles contained acidophilic homogeneous material and /or lymphocytes and detached epithelial cells, while in the liver, there were hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolations. The kidneys' glomeruli either shrank or disappeared, or were infiltrated with lymphocytes. In all dosed groups, values of Packed Cell Volume and Hemoglobin decreased significantly (p<0.001 and p<0.01) respectively, while value of Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration increased significantly (p<0.001). The serum urea concentration and Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase activity values were high (p<0.001). Significant decrease in serum Na (p<0.001) and Mg (p<0.05-0.01) was observed. The study on Triadimefon toxicity to Nubian goats has shown clear clinical, histopathological, hematological, and immunological changes.References
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- Bowman, W.C., Rand, M.S. and West, G.B. (1974) Textbook of pharmacology. 6th printing. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- Crofton, K.M. (1996) ‘A structure-activity relationship for the neurotoxicity of triazole fungicides’, Toxicology Letters, 84(3), pp. 155–159.
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- Jonderko, G. et al. (1990) ‘Subchronic toxic effect of the grain fungicide PF.70 on the electrolyte barrier of gastric mucosa in rats’, Medycyna Parazytologiczna, 41(4), pp. 216–224.
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- Menegola, E. et al. (2013) ‘Effects of mixtures of azole fungicides in postimplantation rat whole-embryo cultures’, Archives of Toxicology, 87, pp. 1989–1997. doi: 10.1007/s00204-013-1048-y.
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- Perkins, A.N., Fecherman, D.A. and MacPhail, R.C. (1991) ‘Discriminative stimulus properties of Triadimefon: comparison with methylphenidate’, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 40(4), pp. 757–761.
- Plant Protection Directorate, Department of Pesticide (1998) Annual Report. Khartoum: Ministry of Agriculture, Sudan.
- Rang, H.P. and Dale, M.M. (1991) Pharmacology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
- Sukker, M.Y., El-Munshid, H.A. and Adawi, M.S.M. (1998) Concise human physiology. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Tahir, Y.F. and Nour, S.M. (2009) ‘Oral toxicity of agro-fungicides: Tilt (Propiconazole), Bayleton (Triadimefon) and their mixture to Nubian goats’, Sudan JMS, 4(3), pp. 213–220.
- Tomas, F.M. and Potter, B.J. (1976) ‘The site of magnesium absorption from ruminants’ stomach’, British Journal of Nutrition, 36, pp. 37–45.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (1999) Propiconazole pesticide fact sheet. Information Ventures Inc.
- US EPA (1996) ‘Triadimefon (Bayleton) pesticide tolerance’, Federal Register, pp. 63721–63726.
- US EPA (1997) ‘Propiconazole; time-limited pesticide tolerance’, Federal Register, 62, pp. 47005–47013.
- Walker, Q.O. and Mailman, R.B. (1996) ‘Triadimefon and Triadimenol: effects on monoamine uptake and release’, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 139(2), pp. 227–235.
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- Xi, J. et al. (2018) ‘Suppressive effect of Triadimefon, a triazole fungicide, on spatial learning and reference memory in rats’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 23(8), pp. 727–734. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32835a7c63.
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- Allen, J.S. et al. (2006) ‘Toxicity profiles in mice treated with hepatotumorigenic and non-hepatotumorigenic triazole conazole fungicides: propiconazole, triadimefon, and myclobutanil’, Toxicologic Pathology, 34, pp. 853–862.
- Ammerman, C.B. et al. (1971) ‘Effect of dietary magnesium on voluntary food intake and rumen fermentations’, Journal of Dairy Science, 45, pp. 1288–1293.
- Anderson, J. R. (1984) Muir’s textbook of pathology. Glasgow.
- Bayer (1985) Bayleton systemic fungicide, technical information. Bayer AG, p. 27.
- Blood, D.C. and Radostits, O.M. (1989) Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. 7th edn. London: Bailliere Tindall.
- Bowman, W.C., Rand, M.S. and West, G.B. (1974) Textbook of pharmacology. 6th printing. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
- Crofton, K.M. (1996) ‘A structure-activity relationship for the neurotoxicity of triazole fungicides’, Toxicology Letters, 84(3), pp. 155–159.
- Crofton, K.M., Ronek, V.M. and MacPhail, R.C. (1988) ‘Hyperactivity induced by Triadimefon, a triazole fungicide’, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 10(3), pp. 459–465.
- Crofton, K.M., Ronek, V.M. and MacPhail, R.C. (1989) ‘Evidence for monoaminergic involvement in Triadimefon-induced hyperactivity’, Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 97(3), pp. 326–330.
- Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S.M. (1991) Practical haematology. 5th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
- Doeglas, H.M.B. (1979) ‘Antifungal drugs’, in Side effects of drugs annual, Excerpta Medica, 2, pp. 236–238.
- FAO/WHO (1979) Pesticide residue in food. 1979 evaluations. FAO plant production and protection paper supplement. Rome: FAO.
- FAO/WHO (1986) Triadimefon. FAO plant production and protection paper, 72/2, pp. 199–202.
- Hakoi, H. et al. (1992) ‘Analysis of some pesticides in a medium-term liver bioassay in the rat’, Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 12(6), pp. 269–276.
- Hayes, W.J. (1985) Toxicology of pesticides. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
- Hou, L. et al. (2022) ‘Triadimefon in aquatic environments: occurrence, fate, toxicity, and ecological risk’, Environmental Sciences Europe, 34, p. 12. doi: 10.1186/s12302-022-00590-7.
- Ibrahim, M.Y. (1992) Seasonal fluctuation in the haematological values of the Nubian goats [Master’s thesis]. Khartoum: University of Khartoum.
- Jonderko, G. et al. (1990) ‘Subchronic toxic effect of the grain fungicide PF.70 on the electrolyte barrier of gastric mucosa in rats’, Medycyna Parazytologiczna, 41(4), pp. 216–224.
- Li, J. et al. (2017) ‘Disruption of sex-hormone levels and steroidogenic-related gene expression in Mongolia Racerunner (Eremias argus) after exposure to Triadimefon and its enantiomers’, Chemosphere, 171, pp. 554–563.
- Liu, H.C. et al. (2017) ‘The cardiovascular toxicity of Triadimefon in early life stage of zebrafish and potential implications to human health’, Environmental Pollution, XXX, pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.072.
- Mahaney, R.C. (1983) Laboratory techniques in zoology. London: Whitefriars Ltd.
- Martin, D.W., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. (1985) Harper’s review of biochemistry. 19th edn. California: Lange Medical Publications.
- Menegola, E. et al. (2013) ‘Effects of mixtures of azole fungicides in postimplantation rat whole-embryo cultures’, Archives of Toxicology, 87, pp. 1989–1997. doi: 10.1007/s00204-013-1048-y.
- Moser, V.C. and MacPhail, R.C. (1989) ‘Neurobehavioral effects of Triadimefon, a triazole fungicide, in male and female rats’, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11(3), pp. 285–293.
- Moser, V.C., Cheek, B.M. and MacPhail, R.C. (1995) ‘Multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening. III. Neurobehavioral toxicity’, Toxicology and Environmental Health, 45(2), pp. 173–210.
- Narotsky, M.G. and Kavlock, R.J. (1995) ‘Multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening. II. Developmental toxicity’, Toxicology and Environmental Health, 45(2), pp. 145–171.
- Perkins, A.N., Fecherman, D.A. and MacPhail, R.C. (1991) ‘Discriminative stimulus properties of Triadimefon: comparison with methylphenidate’, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 40(4), pp. 757–761.
- Plant Protection Directorate, Department of Pesticide (1998) Annual Report. Khartoum: Ministry of Agriculture, Sudan.
- Rang, H.P. and Dale, M.M. (1991) Pharmacology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
- Sukker, M.Y., El-Munshid, H.A. and Adawi, M.S.M. (1998) Concise human physiology. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Tahir, Y.F. and Nour, S.M. (2009) ‘Oral toxicity of agro-fungicides: Tilt (Propiconazole), Bayleton (Triadimefon) and their mixture to Nubian goats’, Sudan JMS, 4(3), pp. 213–220.
- Tomas, F.M. and Potter, B.J. (1976) ‘The site of magnesium absorption from ruminants’ stomach’, British Journal of Nutrition, 36, pp. 37–45.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (1999) Propiconazole pesticide fact sheet. Information Ventures Inc.
- US EPA (1996) ‘Triadimefon (Bayleton) pesticide tolerance’, Federal Register, pp. 63721–63726.
- US EPA (1997) ‘Propiconazole; time-limited pesticide tolerance’, Federal Register, 62, pp. 47005–47013.
- Walker, Q.O. and Mailman, R.B. (1996) ‘Triadimefon and Triadimenol: effects on monoamine uptake and release’, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 139(2), pp. 227–235.
- Wang, Y. et al. (2020) ‘Combined toxic effects of fludioxonil and Triadimefon on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)’, Environmental Pollution, 260, p. 114105. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114105.
- Xi, J. et al. (2018) ‘Suppressive effect of Triadimefon, a triazole fungicide, on spatial learning and reference memory in rats’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 23(8), pp. 727–734. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32835a7c63.
- Zhang, W. et al. (2018) ‘Comparison of Triadimefon and its metabolite on acute toxicity and chronic effects during early development of Rana nigromaculata tadpoles’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 156, pp. 247–254.
- Zoupa, M. and Machera, K. (2017) ‘Zebrafish as an alternative vertebrate model for investigating developmental toxicity—The Triadimefon example’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18, p. 817. doi: 10.3390/ijms18040817.
Published
2025-09-21
How to Cite
Y.F. Tahir, S. M. Nour, O. S. A. Mohamed, Z. N. Mahmoud, & Tahir, M.Y. (2025). Toxicological Investigation of Byleton (Triadimefon) Following Oral Administration in Nubian Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), Sudan. Journal of The Faculty of Science and Technology, 10(10), 120 - 136. https://doi.org/10.52981/jfst.v10i10.3407
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